Global Satellite Channels

The war in Vietnam was called the first television war, with the
pictures of violence and horror on American TV screens night after
night contributing to the feelings that fed the growing peace movement.
The conflict in the Gulf was the first live TV war, broadcast around
the world by satellite, and underlining the arrival of the first global
TV broadcaster, the Cable News Network, CNN.

Arthur C. Clarke, the English visionary who first proposed
communications satellites in 1945, watched what he called "the first's
first satellite war" from his home in Sri Lanka.

In an interview with Reuters, Clarke said communications is power,
and the forces unleased by satellites in the Gulf War have the
potential for making the world a safer place. The further development
of a satellite communications network with the wider availability of
telephone, fax, and television, Clarke says, will make us one global
family, whether we like it or not.

The conflict in the Gulf was also a boost for the BBC's long
discussed plans for World Service Television, which became a reality on
March 11th, 1991, taking over the existing BBC-TV Europe service on
Intelsat VI-F4. A half hour bulletin of global news is being broadcast
daily at 19:00 hrs UTC. Where CNN claims to be around the world in 30
minutes, and is usually around the USA in 30 minutes, BBC World Service
TV news really is around the world.

The service is to expand. There will probably be more newscasts,
and editions in other languages to be marketed to broadcasters, cable
channels, and other users. The service will also be expanded to other
parts of the world on other satellites.

There are other alternatives to the Cable News Network in the
pipeline. Claiming that CNN is forcing US news on the rest of the
world, the head of Japan's NHK says he wants to create the Global News
Network with other broadcasters from around the world. Under the plan, broadcasters from Asia, Europe, and North America would be responsible
for three 8 hour daily segments each focusing on their own region.

European relays are to begin on Astra 1B before the end of 1991.
The network would be based in New York.


International Radio Broadcasting By Satellite

While the BBC, Radio France, and Deutsche Welle can put out 24
hour services in their native languages by satellite, services which
can be relayed over cable networks, it's much harder for small
broadcasters. When Radio Sweden starts its satellite channel, what
cable system would relay it, with a series of programs in varying
languages?

What's needed is for many international broadcasters to book a
series of satellite radio channels, one for English, one for French,
one for German, etc. Then they would take turns, and cable operators in Britain, for example, could offer one channel with alternating
programs, say from Sweden, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Germany,
Austria, and so on.

Uwe Schoop, head of the Swedish Service at Deutschlandfunk, has
been working on such a plan. He calls it time-sharing, and it may be
the only viable future for many international broadcasters.

There are some other options farther into the future. An American
company called the International Radio Satellite Corporation, or
RadioSat, has announced plans to create a worldwide direct broadcast
satellite service for international broadcasters. Called DBS-Audio (or
DBS-A), the aim of the enterprise is to ultimately replace shortwave broadcasting.

RadioSat plans to launch three high-powered satellites, each with
more than 200 channels to be leased to international broadcasting organizations. RadioSat says the Voice of America, BBC World Service,
Radio Moscow and 5 other broadcasters have expressed interest and
support.

The planned downlink frequencies would be in the L-Band, between
1429 and 1525 MHz. The upcoming 1992 World Administrative Radio
Conference (WARC 92) will discuss the reallocation of frequencies,
including DBS-A. Some countries would like to see DBS-A to use the S-
Band, which is around 2.5 GHz. RadioSat prefers the L-Band because of
cheaper technology and better propagation. RadioSat's Dick Marsten says
he believes small portable receivers the size and cost of current short
wave receivers would be possible for L-Band reception.

RadioSat hopes to launch the first of its three spacecraft in
1995.

Worldspace, based in Washingtion, DC, has similar aims. Their
first project would be a service called Afrispace, which would
broadcast 9 digital radio channels to Africa. They want to use the band
between 1470 and 1530 MHz to reach portable receivers in Africa and the
Middle East. Afristar 1 would be located at 12 degrees West.

Another company called Satellite CD Radio hopes to broadcast
directly to motor vehicles through-out North America, with CD quality
digital transmissions.

All of these plans depend on WARC 92. Nor do receivers exist yet.


III. WEATHER, NAVIGATION, EARTH RESOURCES AND RESEARCH SATELLITES


If TVRO is the satellite version of shortwave broadcast DXing,
these satellites provide the equivalent of utility monitoring and
scanning. The equipment required can be much less elaborate and much
less expensive than for TVRO.

WEFAX or Weather Facsimile, is the method used to transmit
photographs and weather satellite maps via radio and telephone lines.
The satellite version is known as APT. There are many low orbit weather satellites using this system in the 136-138 MHz band.

Some of the active satellites that can be monitored are the
American NOAA, along the Soviet Meteor and Okean, and Chinese Feng Yu:

NOAA 9 and 11.................137.620 MHz
NOAA 10 and 12...........137.500 MHz
Okean 2..................137.400 MHz
Feng Yun 1B..............137.795 MHz
Meteor 2-19..............137.850 MHz
Meteor 3-3 and 3-4.......137.300 MHz

The geostationary GOES satellites downlink on 1691 MHz, while the
Soviet Meteosat uses 1694 MHz.


Earth Resources Satellites

The American Transit and Soviet CosNav satellites provide
navigational data to ships and submarines. They transmit simultaneously
on two frequencies:

Channel 1--149.910 and 399.762 MHz
Channel 2--149.940 and 399.842 MHz
Channel 3--149.970 and 399.922 MHz
Channel 4--150.000 and 400.200 MHz
Channel 5--150.030 and 400.082 MHz

On 149 MHz the signals consist of a continuous carrier plus RTTY
with the orbital data. Each satellite has an orbital period close to
104 minutes.


Other "Utility" Satellites

The National Bureau of Standards in the United States has been
using two GOES satellites to relay time signals. The western satellite
operates on 468.825 MHz and is located at 135 degrees West longitude.
The eastern satellite can be received on 468.8375 MHz and is positioned
at 105 degrees West. These frequencies are shared with the Land Mobile Services, so there may be some interference.

Other interesting satellites include the American research
spacecraft Hilat (149.988 MHz narrow band FM) and Geosat (150.015 and
400 MHz CW). India's Bhaskara 1 (137.230 MHz) and 2 (137.380 MHz) also
use narrow band FM. MOS-1B is a Japanese Marine Observation satellite,
which transmits on 136.11 MHz.


Equipment

An ordinary VHF-UHF scanner and a small non-directional discone or
active antenna are usually are that are required for satellites in low
orbit. Larger dish antennas and converters or special receivers are
needed to tune in to GOES and other satellites in geostationary orbit. Computers and special interfaces or decoders are necessary to make
sense of weather maps or telemetry.

For more details about such equipment and satellite tracking
programs, see our book "THe DXers Guide to Computing" (available from
Radio Sweden for USD 5, GBP 3, FF or SEK 30, DM 8, or 8 IRCs). Also
check out articles and especially advertisements in such magazines as "Monitoring Times" in the US and "Shortwave Magazine" in Britain.


IV. AMATEUR RADIO IN SPACE

Besides governments and corporations, radio amateurs have also
launched many satellites. The first communications satellite was in
fact the Moon, which radio amateurs bounced have bounced signals off
for years. In 1960 a group of radio amateurs in the United States
formed the Project Oscar Association to design and build satellites for
use in the amateur radio bands. Oscar ("Orbiting Satellite Carrying
Amateur Radio") was succeeded by the Amateur Satellite Corporation
(AMSAT) in 1969. There are national AMSAT societies in many countries,
and international headquarters is in Washington, DC.

Amateur Radio Satellites:

Satellite Orbit Beacon or Downlink Modes/Comments

Oscar 10 elliptical 145.810/145.987 MHz
Oscar 11 circular 145.826/435.025
RS 10/11 circular 29.357/.408 RS-10 CW
145.857/.903 "
29.407/.453 RS-11 CW
145.907/.953 "
Oscar 13 elliptical 145.812/435.651
UO-14 circular 435.070
PO-16 circular 437.02625/437.0513
DO-17 circular 145.825 voice synth.
WO-18 circular 437.0751/437.102 slowscan TV
LO-19 circular 437.1258/437.15355 packet BBS
FO-20 circular 435.795/435.910 packet BBS
AO-21 145.822/.948 CW beacon
145.952/.983/.838/.80 FM/packet beacon
UO-22 circular 435.120 (see below) packet BBS
RS-12/13 circular 29.408/.454 RS-12 CW
145.912/.959 "
29.458/.504 RS-13 CW
145.862/.908 "

Oscar 10 and 13 have elliptical orbits, which mean that they tend
to "hover" over the Northern Hemisphere, making for long periods for
contacts with little adjustment needed in tracking antennas. However,
their require antennas with higher gain than those used for the
circular orbit satellites.

The Soviet RS-10/11 and RS-12/13 are each two separate packages on
the same satellite.

UO-14 (UoSat-3), PO-16 (PacSat), DO-17 (Dove), WO-18 (WeberSat),
LO-19 (LuSat) are known as "microsats" because of their small size.
They were launched together with an Ariane rocket in January, 1990.

UO-14 was made by the University of Surrey in Britain, following
on UO-9, which was launched in 1981, and UO-11 in 1984. UO-15, launched
with UO-14, stopped transmitting the day after launch.

PO-16 was built by AMSAT-North America, and LO-19 by AMSAT
Argentina. They contain packet radio bulletin boards (BBS), with uplink frequencies in the 2 meter band using FM and downlinks in the 70 cm
band in SSB. Dove is a Brazilian-made "peace satellite". It has a voice synthesizer and also transmits standard packet AFSK-FM on 145.825 MHz.

WO-18 was built by Weber State University in Utah. It contains an
onboard camera that downlinks its pictures by packet radio. The
Japanese JO-20 (Fuji-2) also carries a packet BBS, with similar up and
downlink frequencies to PO-16 and UO-19.

Conventional packet radio uses a system known as AFSK (Audio
Frequency Phase Shift Keyed) modulation. This was used by some earlier
amateur radio satellites, such as UO-11, and is used by Dove. Because
of the Doppler Effect (frequency shift from high speed), satellite
packet uses a different system called PSK (Phase Shift Keyed)
modulation. Circuit boards and kits for PSK modems can be ordered from
AMSAT-UK and the Tucson Amateur Packet Radio Corporation (TAPR). A
commercial model called the PSK-1 is sold by PacComm (3652 West Cypress
Street, Tampa, FL 33607, USA)

UO-22 was launched on July 16th, 1991. It carries a packet radio
bulletin board, which besides use by radio amateurs, will be used to
transmit free medical information to universities in East Africa. The
service, known as HealthNet, is operated by an organization called
Satel-Life.

The information will be uplinked from a ground station in
Newfoundland. Ground stations have been shipped to universities in
Kenya, Zimbabwe, and Zambia. The researchers who build the satellite at
the University of Surrey are also developing portable ground stations
that will fit into a briefcase, so that field workers can take them to
isolated villages.

Health-Net ransmissions will be using packet radio at 9600 baud,
with downlinks on 428.01 and 429.985 MHz. Amateur radio operations will
also be at 9600 baud, with a downlink on 435.120 MHz. OU-22 also
carries a charge-coupled device camera, which will provide pictures of
the Earth only slightly larger than the satellite's coverage area
footprint.



V. MONITORING THE SPACE SHUTTLE AND MIR

Space shuttle communications have been relayed on shortwave from a
number of amateur radio clubs at NASA bases. These are in single side
band (SSB), and the frequencies to look for are 3860, 7185, 14295,
21395, and 28650 kHz from the Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland;
3840, 14280, 21350, and 28495 kHz from the Johnson Space Center in
Texas; and 3840 and 21280 kHz from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in
California.

Here are some reported frequencies connected with the shuttle
missions:

Shortwave (SSB):

Western Test Range.............................. 5700 kHz
13218
Eastern Test Range.............................. 5190
NASA Tracking Ships............................. 5180
5187
Launch Support Ships............................11104
19303
NASA Kennedy Operations......................... 7675
USAF Cape Radio................................. 6837
6896
11414
11548
19640
23413

Shuttle-Mission Control.........................11201

NASA Ascension Island tracking..................20186
NASA CB Radios..................................27065


UHF (AM):

Military aircraft emergency frequency........... 243.0 MHz
Primary shuttle communications.................. 259.7
Shuttle space suits............................. 279.0
Primary UHF downlink............................ 296.0
Air-to-ground or orbiter-to-suit................ 296.8

S-Band (Wideband FM):

NASA downlink................................... 2205.0 MHz
2217.5
2250.0
2287.5
Primary digital downlink........................ 2287.5

North American satellite TV monitors can watch the missions. NASA
Select transmits live video from shuttle missions on the Satcom 2R
satellite (72 degrees West) on transponder 13. A voice TV schedule
update can be heard by calling American telephone number 1-202-755-
1788.


Amateur Radio on the Shuttle

There have been a number of amateur radio operations from the
shuttles. The first was Dr. Owen Garriott, W5LFL, from "Columbia" in
1985. He was heard by tens of thousands of listeners and made two way
contact with some 350 stations using FM with a downlink on 145.55 MHz.

Tony England, W0ORE, operated primarily in slowscan television
from "Challenger" in July, 1985. In October that year, Dr. Ernst
Medderschmid and Dr. Reinhard Furrer operated as DP0SL from "Columbia".

With the resumption of shuttle missions after the "Challenger"
crash, amateur radio operations have resumed as well. Ron Parise,
WA4SIR, operated from "Columbia" on a long-delayed mission in early
1991, with both voice and packet radio. Unfortunately, the signals
could only be heard over the lower latitudes. The frequencies used were
145.51, 145.55, and 145.59 MHz.

STS-37, on "Atlantis" in April, 1991, was particularly noteworthy,
as all five crew members were licensed radio amateurs. There were
hundreds of contacts with amateur radio operators on Earth. While a
problem curtailed packet radio and slowscan television operation, the
first television picture ever received on board a spacecraft was
carried out using fast scan television. The Atlantis crew was also able
to hear the Soviet cosmonauts on MIR, but were unable to complete two
way communications.


MIR

The Soviet MIR space station can easily be heard with powerful FM
signals on 143.625 MHz. Voice communications is also reported on 143.42
and 142.42 MHz, as well as a beacon on 121.75 MHz. Data communications
from MIR can be heard on 166.130 (or possibly 165.875) MHz. Other
frequencies reported from the Soviet space program are:

Salyut space station (now crashed).... 19995 kHz
Soyuz T-11 space vehicle telemetry.... 20008
Soyuz T-11 voice communications.......142.423 MHz
Soyuz TM-3 and TM-4...................121.750
Progress 7 supply ship................166.000


Amateur Radio on MIR

Several MIR cosmonauts have been radio amateurs. In 1988 amateur
radio stations U1MIR, U2MIR, and U3MIR operated on 145.550 and 145.400
MHz FM. Musa, U2MIR, has been on the air in 1990 and 1991.

On March 2nd, 1991 radio amateurs in Hawaii enjoyed a record 16
two way voice contacts with U2MIR, on 145.55 MHz, in both FM voice and
packet radio. There are also reports of U5MIR heard in SSB in the 21
MHz amateur radio band.

Britain's first astronaut, Helen Sharman, spent 8 days on MIR in
May, 1991. She operated the amateur radio station there, under the call
sign GB1MIR.



VI. MILITARY COMMUNICATIONS IN SPACE

During the Gulf War, monitors reported that American military communications in the Gulf could be heard from the FLEETSATCOM
satellite network between 240 and 270 MHz. Most of the voice traffic is
in the 260 MHz range, and most is coded. One monitor has reported to
"Popular Communications" American AWACS planes on 263.825 MHz and Saudi
forces on 249.325 MHz. Other active frequencies reported were 261.825,
262.200, 262.150, 262.425, and 263.525 MHz.

Soviet military and navigation satellites use the 149 MHz band,
for example: 149.91, 149.94, and 149.97 MHz.


VII. HORIZONS

Space exploration can be expected to continue. The American space
station Freedom is scheduled for launch in the late 1990's. AMSAT and
the ARRL have submitted a formal proposal to NASA for a permanent
amateur radio station on Freedom. The proposal includes downlinks in
the 145, 435, and 2401 MHz bands. Three geostationary satellites would
be used to relay continuous communications from Freedom. AMSAT hopes to
have its own goestationary satellites in orbit in the near future.
Until then, the system would use the TDRS satellites used for shuttle communications.

Farther into the future, it may be possible to monitor
communications from proposed Moon bases, expeditions to Mars, or future
space colonies in Earth orbit.

Moving deeper into space, radio astronomy probes the limits of the universe on wavelengths other than those of light used by conventional astronomy. To this belongs SETI, the Search for Extra Terrestrial Life.
The United States is planning to launch a 10 year SETI project, using a
super computer to pick up possible signals from any distant
civilization. NASA scientists also plan to transmit radio signals to
every star which can be detected in the universe, in the hope of
getting a reply.

Project META, a SETI project at Harvard University, funded by the Planetary Society and film firector Steven Spielberg (the maker of
"E.T." and "Close Encounters of the Third Kind") has searched the
entire sky at 1420 MHz and is beginning a full search at 2840 MHz.
These are both "water hole" frequencies where scientists think
intelligent civilizations may try to communicate.

There may be a role in the SETI quest for amateurs. Speaking to "Monitoring Times", astronomer Kent Cullers of the NASA Ames Research
Center in California says that amateurs could try searching the 1-1.4
GHz range, because "interstellar noise is relatively low there."
"Monitoring Times" points out that antennas are critically important,
and suggests dishes, quads, and helical antennas. A computer can be
programmed to scan frequencies. If signals are passed through a
digitizer, the computer can break the information into small slices and
can reject certain kinds of local interference.


VIII. FOR MORE INFORMATION

One way to keep up with the amateur radio satellites is to listen
to one of the AMSAT nets on shortwave. Here are some:

International Net--Sundays 18:00 hrs UTC on 21280 kHz
Sundays 19:00 hrs on 14282 kHz
European Net-------Saturdays 10:00 hrs on 14280 kHz
Asian-Pacific Net--Sundays 11:00 hrs on 14305 kHz

AMSAT and its national societies publish newsletters and sell
computer hardware and software for use in monitoring amateur radio
satellites. The main AMSAT address is: Box 27, Washington, DX, 20044,
USA. AMSAT-UK is at 94 Herongate Road, Wanstead Park, London E12 5EQ,
England. AMSAT-Sweden is at Box 1311, S-600 43 Norrkoeping, Sweden.

There are a number of computer bulletin boards for space
enthusiasts in the United States:

1-205-895-0028 NASA BBS
1-512-852-8194 AMSAT Software Exchange BBS
1-214-394-7438 Downlink BBS (AMSAT)
1-214-340-5850 N5ITU BBS
1-513-427-0674 Celestial RCP/M BBS
1-904-786-8142 Starship Enterprise BBS
1-804-743-0559 Astro BBS (amateur astronomy)

The CompuServe HamNet Forum has a section devoted to amateur radio satellites. The Consumer Electronics Forum has a TVRO section. There
are a number of other space (and science fiction) forums on CompuServe, including a NASA section with news from the American space agency. For
more information contact: CompuServe, 5000 Arlington Centre Blvd,. Box
20212, Columbus, OH 43220, USA.

"Dial-a-Shuttle" is a telephone number available during shuttle
missions, with news updates and live relays from the astronauts. The
number is 1-900-909-6272.

The 1991 World Radio TV Handbook contains a new section on World
Satellite Broadcasts, underlining that satellites now play an important
role in international broadcasting. This section lists current and some
planned geostationary broadcast satelliteslites, with some detailed
lists of transponder useage. We made extensive use of the WRTH in
compiling the section on Asian satellites.

The 1991 World Satelllite Annual, compiled by Mark Long, has just
about everything you could possibly want to know about communications satellites. It lists all the current and many planned satellites in geosynchronous orbit, with footprint maps and channel tables. There are chapters on satellite launch vehicles for the 1990s, the status of DBS
in America, updates on Intelsat and Eutelsat, European Scrambling
Systems, and the Satellite News Gathering Revolution. The book is
expensive, at USD 50 plus postage. But for the serious satellite DXer,
it's well worth it. For more information contact MLE Inc., Box 159,
Winter Beach, Florida, 32971, USA.

Together with Jeffrey Keating, Mark Long as also written The World
of Satellite Television, a basic guide to installing, operating, and maintaining a backyard satellite dish antenna. Available for USD 13
from Quantam Publications, Box 310, Mendocino, CA 95460, USA.

Communications Satellites, by Larry Van Horn, covers U.S. and
Soviet manned space missions, military, weather, navigational, and communications satellites. It's available for USD 13. (*)

The Hidden Signals on Satellite Television, by Thomas Harrington
and Bob Cooper Jr., goes into detail about SCPC, audio subcarriers,
teletext, and other non-video signals on North American satellites. It
also covers the equipment needed. Available for USD 20. (*)

The three books above are the best guides for satellite radio and
TV DXing. Those interested in weather satellites should look into:

The New Weather Satellite Handbook by Dr. Ralph Taggart. The new
4th edition is available for USD 20 from the American Radio Relay
League, Newington, CT, USA, or from Metsat Products, Box 142, Mason, MI
48854, USA. (*)

AMSAT and the American Radio Relay League have published an
excellent guide to amateur radio satellites called The Satellite
Experimenter's Handbook. (*) The 2nd edition is available for USD 20,
from: AMSAT, Box 27, Washington, DC 20044, USA. AMSAT also publishes
"Satellite Journal" magazine and "Amateur Satellite Report".

Most of these books are available from a number of sources. Many
of the ones marked (*) should be available from the following: "73
Magazine", Forest Road, Hancock, NH 03449, USA; Grove Enterprises, 140
Dog Branch Road, Brasstown, NC 28902, USA; Universal Electronics, 4555
Groves Road, Suite 3, Columbus, Ohio 43232, USA); and EEB, 323 Mill St.
NE, Vienna, VA 22180, USA.

Some books of interest to Europeans may be ordered from PW
Publishing, Enefco House, The Quay, Poole, Dorset BH15 1PP, Britain.

The best program listing for North American TVRO monitors is
"Satellite TV Week", available for USD 48 a year from Satellive TV
Week, Box 308, Fortuna, CA 95540, USA.

There are a couple of British monthlies with channel listings and satellite news, "What Satellite" (57-59 Rochester Place, London NW1
9JU) and "Satellite TV Europe" (5 Riverpark Estate, Berkhamsted HP4
1HD).

"Transponder" is a British newsletter, filled with information
about satellite broadcasting. Published 24 times a year, it's available
in the UK for GBP 37, in Europe for GBP 60, and outside Europe for GBP
75, from: Transponder, Box 112, Crewe Cheshire, CW2 7DS, England.

"Satellite Watch Newsletter" is the magazine of the video pirate
satellite underground, people who regard any kind of coding as a
violation of American Constitutional rights. Lots of details on
descrambler hardware and software. But 12 issues are available for USD
35, from: Walker Media Group, 6599 Commerce Ct. No. 103, Gainsville, VA
22065, USA.

Radio Netherlands publishes an interesting leaflet called "Weather Satellite Fact Sheet", as well as "Satellites for the Shortwave
Listener". Both are available for free from: Radio Netherlands, Box
222, NL-1200 JG Hilversum, the Netherlands.

The Fall, 1990 edition of "Whole Earth Review" has an excellent
article by Robert Horvitz called "Tabletop Earth-Watch Stations" about monitoring WEFAX, with the WER's usual good guide to sources. Available
for USD 7 (more for postage abroad) from: Whole Earth Review, Box 38, Sausalito, CA 94966, USA.

The American magazines "Monitoring Times" and "Popular
Communications" have columns with the latest on North American
satellite TVRO. "73 Magazine" has a column on amateur radio satellites.
The British sister magazines "Short Wave Magazine" and "Practical
Wireless" cover satellites very well from the European perspective. The emphasis in the former is on TVRO, in the latter on amateur radio
satellites.

For information about amateur radio astronomy, you can contact the
British Amateur Radio Astronomy Society, c/o Steven Newberry, 19
Oakway, Kingsley Park, Birkenshaw, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD11 2PG,
Britain.


Reason not-withstanding, the universe continues unabated, terribly
huge and terribly complicated. "The DXers Guide to the Galaxy", while relatively short, and undoubtedly filled with much that is wildly
wrong, out-of-date, or at least of marginal interest, is nevertheless
greatly inspired by (some might say plagerized from) Douglas Adams and
"The Hitch-Hikers Guide to the Galaxy".

We hope he doesn't mind too much.

For more information on this engrossing subject, consult the books
and magazines mentioned above. We did to write this. Please note that
things change rapidly in this field, numbers to computer bulletin
boards even faster. This is as accurate as we could get it on the day
it went to the printers, in August, 1991. There were undoubtedly
mistakes then, and many changes since.

Should you have any information you would like to pass along, in
order to rectify or update any of these unavoidable errors, you can
contact Radio Sweden's DX Editor George Wood through any of the
following electronic means:

CompuServe Mail 70247,3516
MCI Mail or Internet (to the above CompuServe number)
Fidonet to George Wood at 2:201/697
Packet Radio to SM0IIN on the SM0ETV mailbox
Telefax +468-667-6283

In case of electrical failure the mail will also work:

Radio Sweden
S-105 10 Stockholm
Sweden


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